Scientists accept the genetic origination of humankind in East Africa and migration from the same some 100,000 years ago.() However, a century earlier, the British Egyptologist, Gerald Massey, spoke of not only that but also of humanity’s kultural toolkit, including language and grammar, as having arisen from there as well. He wrote: “Nor did [the similarities seen around the globe] spring from fifty or a hundred different sources as frequently assumed. It is one as a system of representation, one as a mould of thought, one as a mode of expression, and all its great primordial types are virtually universal … The same … mode … was probably extant in Africa 100,000 years ago.”()

Based on the theory of the verifiable prehistoric applied to an analysis of tribal names, this paper will attempt to show that the basics of language, i.e. phonemes, words, agglutination, inflection, front and back vowel harmony, prefixes, suffixes, the tonic voice, superlatives, and articles existed with what can be called the Global Parental Language (GPL). The GPL is the language of the Middle Paleolithic that dispersed and spread worldwide. It established the prototype for extant words, language, and grammar. Other items in the MP kultural toolkit will appear in later papers.

Terminology: the Big Circle; million years ago (mya), million years old (myo), million years (my), thousand years ago (tya), thousand years old (tyo), thousand years (ty); Global Parental Language; kultural tool kit; Sangoloid being the Mongoloid as San (see previous paper);() verifiable prehistoric; multisyllabic ‘a’.

1.0 Australian and Asian tribes with names identical to African tribes

AFRICAN/AUSTRALIAN: Before providing the introduction and outline of the work in 2.0 below, I’d like to show African tribal names that are found in Australia and Asia. The purpose is to clarify from the outset that the language found in Australia and Asia is in all likelihood inner African in origin. The Big Circle: It was likely carried to those places by inner Africans and continued by their descendents in Australia and Asia; and from Asia carried to Europe and North America in the Upper Paleolithic – and Europeans would, in turn, complete the circle and re-enter Africa and India around the Mediterranean at the ice age end. This would explain the similarities in language between Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Indoamerica, and Australia that Bengston and Ruhlen write of as found in protoglobal language.() The term Nostratic was proposed in 1903 by the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen to encompass Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, and possibly other language families under one broad category. The Big Circle theory only says that these began as an African language which circled the world with the peoples migrating out.

The following paired tribal names are in an African/Australian order. Keep in mind that these books were written by two different men at two different times on two different continents: Anna/Anna, Bemba/Bemba, Goa/Goa, Gogo/Gogo, Jang/Jang, Jawara/Jawara (Adaman Islands), Koko/Koko, Kuri/Kuri, Madi/Madi-Madi, Maori/Maori (New Zealand), Mau/Mau, Mau/Maui (Hawaii), Meru/Meru, Munga/Munga, Nana/Nana, Ngala/Ngala, Ngumbu/Ngumbu, Ngundi/Ngundi, Njao/Njao, Nyamba/Nyamba, Tura/Tura, Waka/Waka, Woga/Woga, Yang/Yang, Yao/Yao.

Several near duplicates in the order of African/Australian here follow: Ngaga/Ngadja, Ngalaga/ Ngalagan, Ngama/Ngamadi, Ngamatak/ Ngamatta, Ngan/Ngan:a, Nganda/Nganadjara, Ngiri/ Ngirla, Ngoal/Ngoala, Ngolo/ Ngolok, Ngombe/Ngombaru, Ngoni/Ngonde, Ngulu/ Ngulubulu and Nguludjara, Nguru/Nguro, Njamus/Njamat, Njanja/Njana, Njungene/Njung, Nyamang/Nyamba. In the 20 to 40 ty that it took for Africans to migrate to Australia,() the tribal names remained intact.

AFRICAN/ASIAN: The Chinese tribal names are most ancient. Those names are the simplest form – monosyllabic – and are found in Africa. Many of China’s neighbors have multisyllabic names which points to later migrations and more recent civilizations. The following are a few African names with Asian counterparts. The capitalized letters are the tribal/family names (found in Africa) and the upper-lower case letters are Christian names I obtained by doing a “search for” under family names in the directory found at www.Lycos.com. This shows Asian-American holders of names originating in Africa: DUI (Cong, Phuc Le, Quan H Le, Kiet Le); DOO, (Quong, Chin, Roc, Sung); FANG (Pei, Zhiwu, Qui, Zhihao, Tsuey); GA (Ilroh, Fong, Bo, Ju, Nun); GAO (Feng, Jinsong, Yasheng, Hong); GE (Nga, Young, Hao, Muoi); HA (Nga, Young, Hao, Muoi); JANG (Hoon, Seog, Hyun, Bong); JEN (Ching, Sung, Teng, Chen); KIM (Ii, Ae, Boo, Byong, Chae); KIR (Sook, Young, Ali, Mehmet, Osman); KONO (Hidefumi, Ninori, Kunio); KORO (Kinji, Hifumi, Misako, Taku). African cognates are found in the above Asian given names as follows (African/Asian): Kien/Kiet, Pai/Pei, Tsugu/Tsuey, Bo/Bo, Nunu/Nun, Ngaga/Nga, Chip/Chin, Hide/Hidefumi. There are more.

In Africa are found the tribal names with the exact following spelling: Huang, Guang, Shanghai, Tiapi, Kuang, Dian, Usa, Tyoko, and Yao. They occur as geographical markers in China and Japan. Huang is the Chinese name for the Yellow Sea. Guang is a province in Southeast China on the South Sea. Shanghai is the name of an important Chinese city. The Chinese spelling Taipei concurs with the African tribal name Tyapi and Tiapi. The newly discovered remains of the administrative centre of the Dian Kingdom – which has an African tribal name – is, a neighbour of China's Han dynasty.() In the section of alphabetic inflection we will show that Han is a probabilistic African tribal name with the implications there to draw from. The African tribal name Kuang answers to Kuang-Hsieh, a Chinese Buddhist sacred mountain.() In Japan we find the city Usa. Westerners spell the capital city Tokyo whereas there is an African tribe called Tyoko. In Japan, Yao is a suburb of the Osaka. There are Yao nomads in China. One might say that Yao is coincidental but in Africa are found Bao, Gao, Mao, Sao, and others. African names appear as geographical markers in India, Mongolia, etc.

2.0 Introduction

So little is known about the Middle Paleolithic that one can hardly make a statement about it for which a contrary opinion cannot be found. Trigger, for instance, sees ancient civilizations as developing independently of each other 5,000 years ago with no interrelationships or antecedents.() On the otherhand, studies by Merritt Ruhlen have caused some to consider language as having roots in the Upper Paleolithic of 40 tya.() But, aside from Massey’s firm evidence of culture and language beginning a century of centuries ago, no one has supposed that the gnarled tree of language is rooted into the soil of the MP. Therefore, before getting into the heart of our discussion concerning what we believe is the MP grammar of the GPL, we will smooth the path of discussion and: (i) present the source of tribal names from which genealogical relationships have been derived. (ii) introduce the theory of the verifiable prehistoric to establish a genealogical relationship dating to the MP where many tribal/family names in a continent correspond to African tribal names. (iii) offer a theory for the origination of the first phonemes that now form the basis of all human speech.

2.0.0 Middle Paleolithic genealogical roots of tribal names

In Nature, the first prototypes and the latest inventions co-exist together. William Schopf, of NASA and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, writes that some of the very same type of bacterial organisms identical to those 2 bya – and that were ancestral to plants, animals, and us – exist side-by-side with us() as does the lungfish from which all terrestrial animals came. The first and the last are together in the same stew pot. By the same token, it appears that perhaps some of the first mono-syllables in the human language in the form of two-letter tribal names formed over 100 tya – and which are at the root of all other surnames and given names – exist still today with antidisestablishmentaterianism and other compound words all in the same pot of stew.

Why did I choose tribal names to observe grammar rules? Firstly, tribal names are the most precious and most preserved words in human language. Secondly, one of anything is the simplest unit to observe working rules and a single word is the simplest construct to observe the operation of basic grammar rules – though, of course, the syntax observed when there are sentences with subject, verb, and object won’t be present. But, for an understanding of basic grammar, single words came before grammar and the rules applying to single word formation (in this case tribal names) was, in part, transferred to sentences.

The best single listing of thousands of African tribal names is the study by George Murdock, of the Anthropology Department at Yale University.() Double the number of African tribal names are known today since Murdock’s 1959 book but his work, though outdated, remains unfortunately unsurpassed. The update would make someone a most useful dissertation as the correlation between those newly added African tribal names would double thereby giving more clues to find relationships between the present and the past. In a superb undertaking, Norman Tindale cataloged thousands of the tribes of Australia.() Here, my comparison of the African and Australian tribal names has probably resulted in the first work to show a genealogical relationship between both; and with African tribal names being the source of many Asian, Polynesian, and seemingly Amerindian names. A proper study (not attempted here) would compare complete tribal lists of each country with the Murdock listing to ascertain tribal genealogy. How do we show genealogical relationship when names are identical or similar. That is the role of the verifiable prehistoric.

2.0.1 The Verifiable Prehistoric

The theory of the verifiable prehistoric is based on the logic embodied in the allegory of pursed fingers parting. In this metaphor, the tips of the five pursed fingers are painted such that concentric circles of red, yellow, and blue leave their mark on the tips of each finger. As the fingers part, they radiate forming the flat, open hand where the now distantly displaced fingers still bear evidence of the features of their initial common starting part – each has a segment of red, yellow, and blue paint. In this example rate and time are embodied as traveling at a certain rate of speed over a determined period of time, the fingers (representing tribes starting from inner Africa that dispersed worldwide) traverse the distance to their final resting points around the world. Dispersal from Africa some 100 tya found arrival in Asia by ~67 tya and Australia by ~60 tya.

Later migrations from Africa ~40 tya reached North America by ~15 tya.() This averages roughly to some 10,000 miles per 1,000 years. For the VP to be positive, there must be over half-a-dozen points of similarity (and sometimes there are dozens) between two greatly distant tribes or cultures (as between New Zealand and South America, or China and Australia) both being similar to each other in addition to being similar to the San or an African tribe. The next papers will show MP cultural origins for extant hunter-gatherer tribes (and modern cultures emerged from their kin) thereby establishing the criteria of at least six common features worldwide shared by all cultures with MP origins. The VP will be used in this and future papers on the MP.

APPLYING THE THEORY: How does the VP work in practice? By way of example, in his second volume of the Book of Beginnings, Massey writes “In Egyptian … San is to heal.”() This identifies the word and San people as existing prehistorically for it was present in Ancient Egypt. Yet, the tribal name San is found in Thailand() and it is the honorific title in Japan (as in Koji-San) and Thailand. San is a Spanish family name, an Asian tribal and family name, and whilst not listed in Australia as San, the !Kung are a San tribe and the Kung are a tribe in Australia. This can be compared to an Irish living in America who will call himself Irish sometimes and American at other times. Kung are San. San enters the English language via Latin (where it means saint) and in English becomes the word Saint. All have the meaning of holy, saint, heal, just as the Egyptian meaning derived from the race of people to their south. As pursed fingers parting, that it is found in both in China, Australia, and Africa is evidence of early migrations in the heart of the MP.() This is an example of the VP – although before a connection between two distant cultures with Africa can be accepted as a fact, at least six features must be proven to be nearly identical.

2.0.2 Animal calls as root to human phonemes and syllables

Gods take sounds of animals they represent: Massey notes that once, man had no phonemes and no language. How did the first phonemes begin? He states that like the Bushman and Hottentot, Indian, aborigine, and all other hunters, the first Homo imitated bird and animal calls and sounds. They taught him vowels, consonants, and phonemes. Massey writes of the Egyptian ideographs for the first gods representing the ram, cow, cat, donkey, the puff-adder, the Kaf-ape, among many more. Quite fascinatingly, the gods take on the names of the sounds the animals made. These are the gods Ba-er (rams are recognized by the sound identified with them, which is “ba”), Mu (cows are recognized by the sound identified with them, which is “mu”), Mau (cats are recognized by the sound identified with them, which is “mau” or “miao”), and I-A (here, the English donkey is recognized by the sound identified with it, which is “heehaw” without the aspirated h). The puffing adder was represented by an ideograph for a snake that reared and puffed making the F sound and the horned snake representing F is found in our own F with two arms. The animals named themselves. This is the seeming humble source of the Egyptian gods which eventually became anthropomorphic and found their way into Greek myth.

The Central African cenophalic ape with the T-click represented as the Kaf-headed Taht-Ani, the figure of the God who taught mankind their speech (Khoisan clicks) and made hieroglyphics, which ultimately lead to letters. Taht-Ani, the Divine Speaker. He was later manifested in the ideograph of the pyramid for the T-sound copied by the Greeks as delta for letter D. Did the ape teach man to talk? The negros of Madagascar say the ape once spoke but now hides the fact that he not be made to work (p. 39). Massey notes that these imitative sounds were the first human sounds, vowels, and consonants – the foundation for words.() These first humans formed the phonemes of language.

3.0 Proposed Middle Paleolithic grammar rules

3.0.0 The principle of agglutination

The principle of agglutination is this; where vowels are sounds considered to act as syllables (as a-i), the principle of agglutination is like building with blocks where terminal syllables are added to stems or vice versa. The test to see if the theory is valid or not is if we can find tribal names that fit into this formula and if word-building worldwide follows such a rule. The principle of alphabetic inflection, next, gives examples of agglutination using tribal names and after, English words.

3.0.1 The principle of alphabetic inflection

Dealing with the English alphabet, and starting with the letter a, the principle of alphabetic inflection is the replacement of each present letter before or after a syllable with the next until reaching z – alphabetic inflection is the preceding or some variation of it such that with the addition that multisyllabic components are derived from monosyllabic components and complex (e.g. Jang) have simple predecessors (e.g. Ja, Jan).

APPLYING THE THEORY: For instance, given the syllable O, the alphabetic inflection would produce ao, bo, co, do, eo, fo, go down to zo. (i) An example of alphabetically inflecting a terminal syllable (additions to front) is found with the terminal syllable -AO producing the words Bao, Gao, Nao, Sao, Mao, and Yao, true tribal names as are the following. (ii) Conversely, beginning with the stem (add to back) MA-() its inflected forms are Maba, Mada, Maga, Maka, Mama, Mana, and Masa, and Mata. LI- alphabetically inflected would produce Ligbi, Ligi, Liliwa. LO- inflected would create Logo, Loko, Lolo, Loro, Loso. These are all true names and there are many omitted examples. While KA is not identified as an African tribal name, it did occur as an African word (in addition to Egyptian) manifesting a spiritual essence that survived death. True tribal names based on the stem KA- are Kaba, Kadara, Kafa, Kajaja, Kaka, Kama, Kanga, and Kara. Other two-letter African tribal names are the Bo, Da, De, Do, Ga, Ge, Ha, Ko, Li, Lo, Mo, Pu, Wa, We. Each of these would be alphabetically inflected to make a host of other names.

Variations of this formula would use polysyllabic words that are added to a stem or root. (iii) Alphabetically inflecting a poly-syllable to a terminal syllable (add to front) -MA would produce Hamama, Kachama, Kafima, Karoma, and so forth. (iv) Alphabetically inflecting the stem (add to back) Kim- with a polysyllable would lead to the creation of Kimbande, Kimbundu, Kimbuzi, and so forth. As there are Kims in both China and Korea and no alphabetically inflected forms of Kim there, one might speculate that after Kim- alphabetically inflected in Africa (tens of thousands of years after Kim was formed) it does not appear in Asia because the Sangoloid defended their territory against incursions. However, you do find the alphabetical inflection of Kim- in Australia as Kimera and Kimilari. So, alphabetic inflection as found in Africa is working in the grammar of another continent. The following are also Australian tribal names have been inflected off of the stem Ali- Aliawara, Alindjara, Aliwara. Note that we have only dealt with some portion of the A and K Australian tribal names. There are countless more examples of alphabet inflection.

So, we have seen that the theory works for the formation of African and Australian tribal names. Is the principle of alphabetic inflection worldwide? In China are the terminal -OA and -UANG from which actual family names are Bao, Gao, Nao, Mao, Sao and Guang, Juang, Huang, and Kuang; these are originally actual African tribal names and would predict that both Dao and Tao would have been alphabetically inflected in Africa and certainly were in China. (i) Inflecting the terminal syllable -EAR and -IGHT, we arrive at the words dear, fear, hear, rear, tear, wear and eight, fight, light, might, night, right, sight, tight. English being familiar to everyone, it is not necessary to carry on with more examples. Through the foregoing, we have shown that the principle of alphabetic inflection is universal and originated in inner Africa as part of the kultural toolkit carried by our African ancestors to the nooks and crannies of the world.

USING THEORY TO PREDICT POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND INTERPRET HISTORY: Listing some African tribal names with the cognate -AN we find the true African tribal names of the ANa, BANa, DAN, FAN, GAN, HANda, JANg, KANda, LANga, MANa, NANa, PANda, SAN, TANg, VANdals, WANga, TANg, ZANa. Where -AN is concerned, we directly have the three-letter Dan, Fan, Gan, San and Zan. The two syllable or four letter BANa, HANda, JANg, KANda, LANga, MANa, NANa, PANda, TANg, VANdals, WANga, TANg, and ZANa reduce to the three-letter Ban, Han, Jan, Kan, Lan, Man, Nan, Pan, Tan, Van, Wan, Tan, and Zan. Together, the first (natural 3-letter tribe) and second (bi-syllable or four letter) group produce 17 out of 26 alphabetically inflected forms of -AN or 65% of a possible 100%. The principle of the alphabetic inflection has produced all forms of -AN around Han without Han appearing as an African tribal name in the Murdock list of African tribal names – and it may exist on other lists.

Given the profusion of African tribal names as family and geographical markers in China would you say that it is reasonable to speculate that the Han of China, next to the Dian Kingdom (which carries an African name), genealogically originated in Africa and carried its name from there? And, what, if any, would be the Middle Paleolithic source of the Vandals genetically as they, as all people, trace their ancestry to migrations from East Africa and if the name Vandals is inflected from Van?()

UNG: True African tribal names are the Bunga, Dungi, Fungwe, Hungu, Kung, Lungu, Munga, Nungu, Pungu, Runga, Sungu, Tungur, Yungur, Zungwa. These would be derived from Bung, Dung, Fung, Hung, Kung, Lung, Mung, Nung, Pung, Rung, Sung, Tung, Yung, Zung. Fifty-three percent of the predicted are extant 100 ty after it would be expected they’d have already been derived. If tribes in India, Southeast Asia, or Polynesia had a name with this root, or multisyllabic derivatives of it, we’d need to check to see if there are cultural affinities which would be African in origin. If a half-a-dozen exist, we’d favor a genealogical relationship. If a dozen or more affinities existed with those of the San or inner African in mythology, legend, astromythology, customs, rituals, and beliefs, it would be nearly certain that there was a genealogical relationship.

And, we offer a unique example of how the theory of alphabetic inflection can be used to trace population movements. Due to the principle of agglutination of syllables added to a stem, the Mau stem agglutinates to Mauri. Both of these tribes exist in Africa and the Mauri also exists in New Zealand. Oceanic population movements are traced to Hawaii. Hawaii is a nation whose people and culture is mixed and also has African elements. If it is true that the Maui are distantly related to Africa, then the name Maui is seemingly descendent from Mau: the cat god who named itself before human beings had learned to speak and only imitated animals calls, cries, and shrieks.

Maria Leach, in Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, writes that Maui was the Polynesian demiurge. Maui is “The trickster and culture hero of Polynesia from New Zealand to Hawaii … Maui is the best example of a demiurge. He fished up the islands on which the Polynesians live. New Zealand is called by some of the Maori The Fish of Maui.”() Here we see hints of the fact that Maui may be Maori where the ethnographer who named the god had an ear the didn’t hear the r. We could be wrong in interpreting this as evidence of the fact that the Maui of Hawaii may have carried the same name as the tribe of New Zealand and could be distantly descendent of Africa – but, the foregoing could possibly be correct as well.

3.0.2 Front and back vowel harmony

In addition to Chinese, Japanese, and Australian tribal names and language with examples given paragraphs below, the Ural-Altaic group of languages follows those rules and rules of front and back vowel harmony. As Zsuzsa Pontifex writes, “The easiest way to remember whether a vowel is front or back in Hungarian is by learning the word autó (car). It contains three back vowels: a, u, and ó. By adding the second half of each pair (i.e. á, ú, and o) you get all the back vowels. All the other are front vowels. Front vowel words only have front vowels in them, e.g. fekete (black).”()

APPLYING THE THEORIES: In what follows, we are showing three principles. First, the principle of agglutination where syllables are added to syllables in African tribal names of GPL which we have been saying embody grammar rules inherited by later languages. Second, we see alphabetic inflection. Third, we note front and back vowel harmony in these African tribal names: BO, Bobo, Bodo, Bogo, Boko, Bolo; DA, Daba, Daga, Daka, Dama, Dasa; DE, Debe; DO, Doco, Dodoso, Doko, Dollo, Dondo; GA, Gadamea, Gafsa, Gala, Gamawa; GE, Gele; HA, Haha, Hamama, Handa, Hasa, Hawara, Haya; MO, Mono, Moro, Moyo; PU, Puguli, Puku, Pungu; WA, Waba, Waha, Waja, Waka, Wala, Wanga, Wara, Wasa, Watta, Wawa; WE, Wemenu, Were.

3.0.3 Rhyming and harmony

From the principles of agglutination, alphabetic inflection, and front and back vowel harmony we see several things about the grammatical way that African tribal names first developed that could lay a foundation for literary forms. First of all are the use of two-letter monosyllables as seen directly above with tribal names of the Bo, Da, De, Do and so on. The principle of agglutination sees these two-letter monosyllables formed together as seen, also directly above, as Gamawa, Hamama, Hawara. In the principle of agglutination we see alphabetic inflection such that we go from DA to Daba, Daga, Daka, Dama, and so on. This brings out the feature of (in this case) back vowel harmony as each syllable in Hamama or Hawara rhyme with each other. Hence, the feature of the language itself as poetic. The mind of the speakers sought verbal harmony. Below, we will find out that the voices were tonic as well and this lead to speech itself, we can hereby deduce, as being like melodious song. And, here we see hints of grammatical structures and speech forms that lend themselves to both future written poetry as well as music. We might even see hints of a thinking that sought out an uncomplicated harmony in general. This would certainly befit their animist belief that all things have spirit and one must be in harmony with all things. This an analysis of the language hints of.

3.0.4 Superlatives

An interesting piece of etymology that fits in here is Massey writing of the meaning of Khep meaning “thigh” as in birthplace. He says: “Kheb-Kheb (Egyptian) is the primitive plural, as in Kep-Kep (Nubia).” He goes into explanation.() But, we have gotten the little clue, the lost piece of information into deciphering the ancient language: the double word as the sign of the superlative. Assuming Massey is correct in denoting the double word as a superlative, and it does on the surface appear feasible, the following is true.

APPLYING THE THEORY: These doubled names are found worldwide and show the VP. Tanga Tanga is Peruvian. But, the form Tang, found in China and Tanga are both African tribal names. The Peruvian Tanga Tanga is a three-headed Peruvian god symbolizing an eternal cycle of birth, growth, and death.() Massey writes that Tanga also means thigh (as Khep) and Nika is related to water and here refers to the lake; “Tangan-nika is: the head of a massive water system … a water-source transmitting from within.”() One can see a relationship, as sources of life, between the Peruvian god Tanga Tanga and Tangan-nika: which becomes Tanganyika, the country. These ancient superlatives are found from Africa to New Zealand. A Chinese family name is Gogo. Yet, Gogo is a tribe found in that exact spelling in both Africa and Australia. Wuwu is used with the Chinese calendar.

AFRICAN TRIBAL SUPERLATIVES: Baba, Beriberi, Falafala, Frafra, Gogo, Gugu, Haha, Hehe, Holoholo, Horohoro, Jackjack, Jamjam, Jiji, Jumjum, Kaka, Kamkam, Kerekere, Korikori, Korokoro, Lala, Lele, Lolo, Mimi, Namnam, Niam-Niam, Nunu, Pilapila, Popo, Sinsin, Soso, Soussou, Tete, Tumtum, Zizi, Tanga Tanga (Peru), Wawa, Warwar, Yeye.

AUSTRALIAN TRIBAL SUPERLATIVES: Bareber Bareber (in Africa is the Bareber), Bitta Bitta, Boora Boora, Gabi Gabi, Gogo, Juju (found in both Africa and the West Indies), Laci Laci, Laitchi-Laitchi, Laitu-Laitu, Lamul Lamul, Litchy Litchy, Madi-Madi, Malak-Malak, Ndorndorin, Nyul Nyul, Pongo Pongo, Sitchy Sitchy, Valli Valli, Wanari Wanari, Wirri Wirri, Yairy Yairy, Wakawaka, Yaakyaako, Yarra Yarra, Yerry Yerry, Youyou, Yuyu.

MAORI SUPERLATIVES: Found in Massey’s Book of Beginnings (pp. 523 – 533) are the following doubled Mauri words: hana hana, hemi hemi, kahu kahu, kamu kamu, kawe kawe, komo komo, kono kona, kumi kumi, maka maka, nehu nehu, ngou ngou, nohu nohu, para para, pepe,rapu rapu, rohe rohe, take take, tautau, tepe tepe, tutu, waka waka. Waka waka are parallel ridges.

It would appear that these are superlatives. Yet, if they are not, then as language began in Africa before either Australia or New Zealand, and as in both later places they double the first word, at least in the form of doubling, this is a grammatical form originating in the GPL that became worldwide. Do we have it in English in the form of bye bye and so so? Soso is an African tribe.

3.0.5 The tonic voice

Something tonic means it is of or relating to a tone or tones as in a sing song voice. Seligman inadvertently showed genealogical relationships between the African and Asian manner of speaking when he wrote: “Africans have become tonic, i.e. the African has hit on some expedient for modifying sounds and multiplying meanings as the Chinese; the pitch of the voice being used to change entirely the meaning of the word. Thus, da with a low tone means ‘throw’, with a high tone ‘cruel’; do with a low tone, ‘to be sad’ but with a level of intonation, ‘sleep.’() If we say “what” with a high tone, it is surprise. In English, “What” with a sharp tone is anger. “What” in a drawn-out tone is impatience. “What” preceded by an intake of breath is boredom or resignation. The use of the tonic is found in the Ural-Altaic super family group. The Poles (the women especially), for instance, use the tonic as well as certain related groups of Amerindian tribes. Yet, particularly in the instance of the Sangoloid, we have seen that it is African incursions of the San, a people physically resembling the Sangoloid, who peopled Asia. Seligman was correct in seeing a similarity between the Asian and African tonic. But, he was not aware of population movement from Africa to Asia.

3.0.6 Titular designations

African society gives evidence of being ancestral to Asian which in the Upper Paleolithic became ancestral to European which was in turn ancestral to Semitic. Patriarchal society seems to have been passed down through history meaning that the son would have been designated as the son of the father. We would expect titular designations to occur in the African. Can it be inferred they were?

APPLYING THE THEORY: Scandinavians use the titular prefix of “son” to specify the son of a father as in Bergson, Mendleson, Matthison. The Irish use Mac to denote “son of” as in McMullen, McAllister, McMurphy. The Scots bear several features in common with San. The first is the use of the bagpipe as the San had a percussion instrument that required being blown into as a bagpipe.() In addition, African tribes use the prefix “O” before their names, as in the Irish O’Leary, O’Reilly, O’Hara, O’Conner. The African do the same. In what follows, where there is no designation of “1)” it denotes two different tribes in two different locations while a designation of “1)” means the pair are a single tribe with two names; this applies to the paragraph below as well. The African tribal names are in the pairs of: 1) Kung/Okung, Banga/Obang, Jang/Ojang, 1) Kanda/Okanda, 1) Kota/Okota, Li/Oli, Mbamba/ Ombamba, Ndo/Ondo, Ndongo/Ondongo, 1) Rungu/Orungu, Toro – 3 separate locations /Otoro, Udio/Oudio, Ulad ba Amar/Oulad-Bu-Seba, Unein/Onein, We/Owe, Werre/Oweri.

There is no way to note the meaning to the observation that M seemingly forms a titular prefix: Bali/Mbali, Bamba/Mbam, Bandeng/Mbande, Banga/Mbanga, 1) Bangala/ Mbangala, 1) Banza/Mbanza, Bao/Mbao, Bemba/Mbem, Bembe/Mbembe, Bere/Mbere, Bete/Mbete, Boi/Mboi, Boko/Mboko, 1) Bole/Mbole, 1) Bondjo/Mbondjo, 1) Bondo/Mbondo, 1) Bongo/Mbongo, 1) Budja/ Mbudja, 1) Bulla/Mbula, Buku/Mbulu, 1) Bum/Mbum, Bunda/Mbunda, 1) Bunga/Mbunga, Bute/Mbuti.

There are prefixes associated with the tribal name Congo. We can only speculate on the origins of Congo (or Kongo) but if it began as Seligman noted “simple monosyllables” then it began as the Co tribe and later became the Con or Kon tribe. Agglutination added “go” to form Congo (or Kongo) and from there a “permanent” foundation name was established to which prefixes were added to the basic terminal word – Congo (though there are variations): Ba, Bamo, Ca, Exi, I, Mash, Kr, Mak, Mas, and Mouchi forming, respectively, Bacongo, Bamocongo, Cacongo, Exikongo, Icongo, Kacongo, Kongo, Krongo, Mashongo, Makongo, and Mouchicongo respectively.

CONCLUSION: We have seen a number of cases of seeming titles added to African names: O, Mb, and the assorted titular additions to Congo. Whatever they may be, there remains the uncanny similarity between Hara/O’Hara (African tribes are Hasa and Harari meaning O’Hara may have been an alphabetic inflection from an earlier stem Hara) and Kota/Okota. We will recall as well the frequent occurrence of the endings -ba, -da, -ga, -ma, -ra, -wa, and -ta. Do each of these take a meaning as in great hunter, or totem of the x-animal? Do they variously represent great teacher or healer? Throughout the world languages have titular designations. Yet, we can see that the first language manifested such titles and the system was carried worldwide. Some African societies are class conscious. Do the -ba, -da, -ga, represent forms of classes? Titles such as king, queen, sir, honorable, deputy, may be embodied in these examples we’ve seen where some are most surely titles. Titular designations are another form of today’s universal grammar found in the GPL. And, it is interesting that in Japan, the tribal name, San, has itself become an honorific titular ending as in Koji-San.

3.0.7 Articles

As if foreshadowing the use of El in Spanish, we find El as a titular African designation. It is within the realm of possibility of the African El being a forerunner to the Spanish article El as there are other Spanish surnames with African antecedents. For instance, San and Sango are both African names and used in Spain – which is close enough to Africa in any event; and today is the home of the oldest European fossils from Africa migrations.() The titular El’s are: Ache/El Achsass, Angas/El Anga, Burgu/El Burgu, Endo/Elende, Gonya/Elgonyi, Guassem/ Elguasem, Guma/El gume, Hamama/El Hamma, Menaba/El Menaba, Molosa/Elmolo, Wanande/Elwana. They occur as written where the El is separated in some cases and in others not.

4.0 Using Paleogrammar to understand population movements

4.0.0 Interesting African tribal names

The African tribal names may be of interest from the view of trying to determine if the tribal names served as basis for the things that they refer to. For instance, the tribe by the name of the Banana. Are they the source of the name given to the fruit? Is the Mimi tribe the source of the woman’s name? Removing the a in Lulua produces the female pet name Lulu. The letters in parentheses indicate letters not found in the tribal names. Adding or changing a letter or two in some instances will produce a more similar word as replacing C in Kuba to get Cuba.

NAMES: Ali, Anglo, Arabs, Bambe, Barabra, Baer, Ben, Berta, Berti, Bettie, Bobo, Bozo, Dian, Chip, Dalia, Dan, Eve, Ham, Hamar, Her, Hera, Hill, Homr, Husseinat, Kinga, Loko, Lulua, Magi, Mande, Maria, Mari, Men, Mom, Mum, Mama, Mimi, Miriam, Nasser, Rama, Rashad, Ron, Sambo, Seba, She, Simba, Tara, Tawana, Yangela. GEOGRAPHICAL-LIKE NAMES: Baham (a), Bali, Bonai (re), Burmawa, Dzungle, Hawiya, Kashmere, Kuba, Lame, Lima, Malabu, Moundan, Mountou, Russia, Tuat, Usa (city in Japan), Zungle. NOUN-LIKE: Awe, Banana, Bandjo, Belle, Bongo, Bonjo, Bush, Congo, Day, Gala, Hill, Kalico, Kashmere, Khavi, Koko, Libido, Logo, Magi, Mana, Matmata, Maxi, Mensa (Table of Christ), Meta, Moundan, Mountou, Non, Noo, Noon, Pain, Palor, Tara. VERB-LIKE: Bite, Busy, Hide, Kisi, Kissi, Shake. TOTEM-LIKE: Doe, Cat, Ewe, Kudu, Mole, Kola, Panda, Tigre, Tuna.

Baholoholo, ONGO: Bamongo, Balongo, Dongo, Korongo, Mbongo, Misorongo, Mongo, Musarongo, Moshi, ; UMBO: Dumbo,

4.0.1 The limits of migration and clues to population movements

We would assume that the most ancient, simplest, and first group of tribal names would be monosyllabic two and three-letter names.

APPLYING THE THEORIES: If this is so, then reality bears this out for while the Tindale research reveals only one single three-letter Australian tribal name (the Waa) and no two-letter tribal names, Murdock’s research reveals 81 African three-letter tribal names. We have seen that quite a few two-letter Asian tribal names exist also. What this would seem to tell us is that the oldest population movements from Africa went to China and significantly later migration to Australia occurred. Why? China has primarily single syllable names. Australia has many four and five syllable tribal names. This would seem to indicate an evolution and development of language. The examples of three-letter African tribal names follows: Bon, Boo, Bor, Bum, Bwa, Day, Dek, Dir, Dje, Doe, Doo, Dor, Dui, Dya, Dye, Eve, Fan, Fem, For, Fra, Ful, Fur, Gan, Gbe, Gen, and Gun.

4.0.2 Multi-syllabic ‘a’, the San, Japanese, and Amerindians

Comprised of single syllable, two-letter words, in my personal lists are hundreds of names arranged by country. They are comprised of the multisyllabic ‘a’ where ‘a’ alternates with a single consonant as in Adara, Adarawa, Agala, Ajawa, Akaza, Alawa, Amanaya, Amara and so on. These are not found in China, Western Europe, or America, the latter two being Indo-European and family names can be compared at a website.() The multisyllabic ‘a’ are found in a rough geographical Y-shape from Southern to Northern Africa onto Iraq, and through India being stem of the Y. The right arm shows it to be found throughout Polynesia and the left arm shows it to found in Japan and among North American Indians. The multisyllabic ‘a’ Maya, for instance, is an African tribe, farther south the name of the Pharoah Aten’s high priest, and the name of a South American Indian tribe – all with many similar cultural and religious beliefs in common.

While the multisyllabic a is conspicuously absent from China and much of Asia, it is abundant in Japan in a tiny sampling of the names such as Hawara, Naga, Naka, Sagada, Sagara, Sakara, Sakata – which are all African tribal names in exact spelling. The partial multisyllabic ‘a’, Akari, is a Japanese word meaning light or lamp and is also the name of an African tribe. The multisyllabic a is found with the Ainu of Japan who share with the San the yellow skin and oblique eyes and tradition of tattooing() as in Polynesia. As reported in the July 2001, National Geographic, the Ainu are genetically related to Eskimos, Aleuts and the Navajo of the U.S. Southwest – all using the multisyllabic ‘a’ as do the San. Chromosomal studies should done on the Ainu, Aleut, and Navajo and compare these to the San. I believe a genealogical relationship will be found. A cultural relationship already clearly exists.

5.0 Closing words Gerald Massey’s Book of Beginnings has 12 pages compiled from dictionaries in small type

showing the similarity in spelling and meaning to over a thousand Maori words that are virtually identical to Egyptian; and a second comparison between Egyptian and African showing African as the base of them both. The above paper has been a precursory treatment. In a short work like this, many interesting topics and examples were omitted. It appears Gerald Massey was correct when he said that inner African MP phonemes, monosyllables, grammar, and language are at the root of all language. The less distant ancestors of all extant language speaking peoples – having a foundation of monosyllables and being oriented to the principles of agglutination, alphabetic inflection, front and back vowel harmony, rhyming, titular designations and articles – had all the tools they needed to continue to develop unique aspects of their own languages. Hundreds of ethnic groups with a tale to add to this story were eradicated by Stalin and Hitler are gone forever; and their brethren are going into extinction today in Africa, Australia, and North America. Each is carrying a very precious piece of the puzzle of the MP past with them into oblivion. Those stars of the night sky are turning off one-by-one. And each of their deaths nudges our past closer to the precipice of darkness where it will be hidden from us forever.

GPL of the MP is the source of the proto-global language of the Upper Paleolithic() that dispersed from it like pursed fingers parting. And this is why languages appear similar. They are similar fundamentally not because we are all born with the same archetypes() or because we are all genetically wired to design language as we do() but because genetically and linguistically, our roots go back to inner Africa of the Middle Paleolithic which produced GPL.