Pacal, which means “shield” expanded Palenque's power in the western part of the Mayan states. K'Inich Janaab Pakal initiated a historic building program. At his capital, some of the finest art and architecture of Mayan civil- ization was produced.Who or what is African? Geographically, those who live in Africa whose ancestry there dates back millions of years. Physically, Africans are those (one can argue – exceptions abound) who have some combination of full facial features and/or wooly / wiry hair. This question is of significance as those who are physically African were your earliest known peoples of the world’s earliest societies and also the first historical monarchs of North America predating the Mayflower in cases by over 1500 years. This post is part of a series identifying by name these Mayan monarchs of African phenotype. Further, analogies between ancient Mayan and African societies exist which would seem to indicate that Mayan roots are found in Africa. In Mexico, these monarchs are from Bonampak, Pelenque, Yaxhilan; in Guatemala from Quirigua and Machaquila; in the Honduras, from Copan. In this series, 17 named, known, historical monarchs will be presented a new one every few days over the period of perhaps three weeks. The one who is the subject of any given post will have his or her name capitalized in the King’s list below starting with monarch of Bonampak known as King Fish Fin. Those whose browsers allow will see the imbedded picture below the text. Otherwise, following the link will reveal the picture. SOUTHEAST MEXICO, CHIAPAS, BONAMPAK [1] KING FISH FIN, c. 521 AD [2] Likely King Chaan Muan-I c. 603 AD SOUTHEAST MEXICO, CHIAPAS, PELENQUE [3] King B’utz’aj Sak Chiik, 487-501 AD [4] King K'inich Janaab' Pakal-I, 615-683 AD [5] King Upakal K'inich 721 736 AD [6] King K'inich Janaab' Pakal-II, 742-746 AD SOUTHEAST MEXICO, CHIAPAS, YAXCHILAN [7] King Itzamnaaj B’alam-II, 681-742 AD [8] Queen, K’abal Xook, 681-742 AD [9] Queen Evening Star c. 700-750 AD [10] King YaxuunBalam-IV, 752-768 AD [11] King YaxuunBalam-IV, 752-768 AD [12] Mut Balam Servant Of Queen K’abal Xook, 681-710 GUATEMALA, IZABAL, QUIRIGUA [13] King Tutuum Yohl K’inich, c. 455.AD [14] King K’ak’ Tiliw Chan Yoaat, c. 724-785 AD GUATAMALA, PETEN, MACHAQUILA [15] King Siyaj K’in Chaak, c. 820 AD HONDURAS, COPAN [16] King Waxaklajuun Ub’aah K’awiil, c. 695-738 AD [17] King Yax Pasaj Chan, 763-810 AD Identical features of African-Mayan Civilization 1. Divine kingship 2. Sun gods 3. God of writing 4. masonry block for monumental buildings 5. pyramids 6. transformation at death to divine being 7. Sun god combating its enemy, the serpent 8. the becoming of an ancestor after death 9. Patron gods 10. Gods carried in effigy 11. Use of dynastic names (e.g. Balam-1, Balam-II … Balam V) 12. Enthronement ceremony 13. Court lords 14. Iconography of trampling the enemy underfoot (seen in Egypt) 15. Incense burners 16. Head elongation 17. Use of shields in warfare 18. Identical loop-earing ornamentation 19. Three pairs of male/female creation gods under one supreme god 20. Twin brothers in the Cain-Able mode 21. King as central axis of universe 22. A heaven of four quadrants 23. A tripartite creation: underworld, earth, heavens 24. An Osiris-like corn god called the Maize god 25. Perhaps same type of dug-out canoes art, art history, Paul Marc Washington, paleoneolithic@yahoo.com

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